Which two sources are classified as primary sources in nursing research?

In nursing research, primary sources refer to original research studies that provide direct evidence on a particular topic or intervention. Primary sources are typically characterized by presenting original data collected through experiments, trials, or observational studies.

The correct choice identifies randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and nonrandomized controlled trials as primary sources. RCTs are considered the gold standard in clinical research due to their ability to minimize bias, allowing for a clearer cause-and-effect relationship between an intervention and the outcome. Nonrandomized controlled trials still provide significant primary evidence, although they may have greater potential for bias than RCTs. Both types are crucial in assessing the efficacy of interventions in nursing practice.

In contrast, systematic reviews and meta-analyses summarize and synthesize findings from multiple studies, making them secondary sources. Literature reviews offer an overview of existing research but do not present new experimental data. Review articles and secondary data also aggregate findings or utilize previously collected information rather than providing new insights from original research. Thus, the distinction is crucial in understanding the hierarchy of evidence for guiding nursing practice through evidence-based approaches.