Which of the following are considered examples of research misconduct?

The correct response highlights key instances of research misconduct defined by ethical guidelines within the research community. Fabrication, which refers to making up data or results and recording or reporting them, is a clear violation of ethical standards. Similarly, falsification involves manipulating research materials, equipment, or processes, or changing or omitting data to misrepresent the research. Both fabrication and falsification compromise the integrity of the research process and can lead to significant repercussions for the individuals involved and the broader scientific community.

Peer review, on the other hand, is a critical component of the research process where scholars assess the quality and validity of each other's work. It is not an example of misconduct; rather, it serves as a safeguard for maintaining high standards in research publishing. By identifying peer review as not being a form of misconduct, the distinction between acceptable research practices and unethical behavior is made clear.

Thus, the choice that encompasses only fabrication and falsification correctly identifies types of misconduct while excluding peer review, emphasizing the importance of maintaining integrity in scientific research.