Which human rights were violated in the Tuskegee syphilis study and Nazi war crimes?

The Tuskegee syphilis study and Nazi war crimes represent significant violations of numerous human rights, making "all of the above" the appropriate choice.

In the context of the Tuskegee syphilis study, participants, who were primarily African American men, were not informed about their diagnosis and were misled about the nature of the study. This directly violated their rights to self-determination and dignity, as they were denied the ability to make informed decisions about their own health and treatment. Moreover, the lack of confidentiality undermined their privacy, as personal health information was not safeguarded.

Similarly, Nazi war crimes encompassed horrific human rights violations, including inhumane treatment and experimentation on various groups, thus infringing on their rights to fair treatment, dignity, and protection from harm. Victims were subjected to torture, inhumane conditions, and other forms of brutality that are fundamentally against the principles of ethical treatment and human dignity.

Given that both the Tuskegee study and Nazi war crimes encompassed infringements on fair treatment and protection from discomfort and harm, self-determination and confidentiality, as well as privacy and dignity, the correct answer encompasses all these rights. This broad acknowledgment reflects the myriad of ethical principles that were